Muitas facetas do pensamento moderno remontam a Sigmund Freud (1856–1939): racionalismo, cientificismo, romanticismo, primitivismo e darwinismo, entre outras. Subjacente e fundamental para todos esses movimentos, como também para Freud, está o Iluminismo e somos informados que “no fundo, Freud pertence à Era do Iluminismo”.1 Freud, com Darwin e Marx, tem sido citado como um dos grandes homens do Iluminismo; de fato, vê-se nos três a culminância do pensamento iluminista. Mas os três, apesar de empurrarem a fé iluminista às conclusões lógicas dela mesmo, foram também os destruidores dessa mesma fé e esperança e, no futuro, talvez sejam mais bem lembrados como os seus coveiros.
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